%% LyX 2.3.0 created this file.  For more info, see http://www.lyx.org/.

\documentclass[12pt,english]{article}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{lmss}
\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{lmtt}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\rmdefault}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,tmargin=2.5cm,bmargin=2.5cm,lmargin=2.5cm,rmargin=3cm}
\pagestyle{plain}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage[authoryear]{natbib}
\doublespacing
\usepackage[unicode=true,pdfusetitle,
 bookmarks=true,bookmarksnumbered=true,bookmarksopen=true,bookmarksopenlevel=2,
 breaklinks=true,pdfborder={0 0 0},pdfborderstyle={},backref=false,colorlinks=true]
 {hyperref}

\makeatletter

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LyX specific LaTeX commands.
\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textquotedbl}{T1}
%% Because html converters don't know tabularnewline
\providecommand{\tabularnewline}{\\}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% User specified LaTeX commands.

\usepackage{fancyhdr}

\usepackage{xr}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage{pdflscape}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\usepackage{placeins}
%\usepackage{float}
%\usepackage[numbib,nottoc]{tocbibind}
%\usepackage{floatrow}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{threeparttable}
\usepackage{adjustbox}
%\usepackage[capposition=top]{floatrow}
%\usepackage{abstract}
%\renewcommand{\abstractname}{}    % clear the title
%\renewcommand{\absnamepos}{empty} % originally center
\usepackage{setspace}
%Für feste Tabellenbreite und linksbündig...
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{eurosym}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
%\pagestyle{fancy} %eigener Seitenstil
%\fancyhf{} %alle Kopf- und Fußzeilenfelder bereinigen
%\fancyhead[L]{{\textbf{\leftmark}}} %Kopfzeile links
%\fancyhead[C]{} %zentrierte Kopfzeile
%\fancyhead[R]{{\textbf{\thepage}}} %Kopfzeile rechts

%\usepackage{footnotebackref} % Backref from footnotes
\interfootnotelinepenalty=10000

\hypersetup{
    colorlinks,
    linkcolor={blue!50!black},
    citecolor={blue!50!black},
    urlcolor={blue!50!black},
}

\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{dcolumn}
\newcolumntype{d}[1]{D{.}{.}{#1}}

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{>{\hsize=#1\hsize\raggedright\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{>{\hsize=#1\hsize\raggedleft\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\hsize=#1\hsize\centering\arraybackslash}X}%
\newcommand{\sym}[1]{#1} % for symbols in Table
%\usepackage{siunitx}
%\sisetup{ detect-mode, 
%group-digits            = false ,
%input-signs             = ,
%input-symbols           = ()[]-+* , % specifying \sym here does not work
%input-open-uncertainty  = ,
%input-close-uncertainty = ,
%table-align-text-post   = false 
%}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{dcolumn}    
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{ltxtable}
\usepackage{titling}
\usepackage{comment}
\let\orgautoref\autoref
\providecommand{\Autoref}{%
\def\equationautorefname{Eq.}%
\orgautoref}
\renewcommand{\autoref}{%
\def\appendixautorefname{Appendix}%
\def\sectionautorefname{Section}%
\def\subsectionautorefname{Section}%
\def\subsubsectionautorefname{Section}%
\def\chapterautorefname{Section}%
\def\equationautorefname{Equation}%
\def\figureautorefname{Figure}%
\def\subfigureautorefname{Figure}%
\orgautoref}
\setcitestyle{aysep={}}

%\usepackage[notes,natbib,isbn=false,backend=biber]{biblatex-chicago}  

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows, calc, decorations.markings, positioning, backgrounds, shapes, patterns, decorations.pathreplacing}
%\usepackage{pgfbaselayers}
\tikzset{
mybrace/.style={decorate,decoration={brace,amplitude=10pt,raise=1pt, aspect=#1}}
}
\tikzset{
mybrace1/.style={decorate,decoration={brace,mirror,amplitude=10pt, aspect=#1}}
}
\pgfdeclarelayer{background layer}
\pgfdeclarelayer{foreground layer}
\pgfsetlayers{background layer,main,foreground layer}
\definecolor{gray10}{gray}{0.9}
\definecolor{gray20}{gray}{0.7}
\definecolor{gray40}{gray}{0.5}
\definecolor{mycolor}{RGB}{255,170,0}

\@ifundefined{showcaptionsetup}{}{%
 \PassOptionsToPackage{caption=false}{subfig}}
\usepackage{subfig}
\makeatother

\begin{document}

\renewcommand \thesection {\Alph{subsection}}
\renewcommand \thesection {\Alph{section}}
\renewcommand{\theHsection}{chX.\the\value{section}}
\renewcommand\thefigure{\Alph{section}.\arabic{figure}}   
\renewcommand\thetable{\Alph{section}.\arabic{table}}  

%\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Appendix}

\appendix

\part*{Online Appendix: }

\section*{``Overcoming History through Exit or Integration -- Deep-rooted Sources of Support for the European Union'' (Kai Gehring)}

\listoftables\listoffigures

\begin{landscape}

\captionsetup[figure]{list=yes}

\captionsetup[table]{list=yes}

\section{Descriptives \label{sec:A_Descriptive}}

\setcounter{figure}{0}  
\setcounter{table}{0} 
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \scriptsize
\caption{Variable Description and Sources 1}\label{var_desc_1}
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{l X r}
\textbf{Variable}&\textbf{Definition} & \textbf{Source}\\  \midrule 
\textbf{\textit{Dependent Variables}}&      &     \\ 
Vote Share 'Yes' 1992&  Share of Yes votes in the 1992 referendum (Maastricht Treaty)    &    Centre de données socio-politiques (CDSP) \\ 
Vote Share 'Yes' 2005&  Share of Yes votes in the 2005 referendum (European Constitution)    &    Centre de données socio-politiques (CDSP) \\ 
Eurosceptic Parties&  Vote Share of Parties in Euro. Parl. Elections (1994, 1999 and 2004) with a larger EU-Negativity than Positivity Score &    CDSP \& Manifesto Project Database  \\ 
w/o Front National&  Vote Share of Eurosceptic Parties in Euro. Parl. Elections (1994, 1999 and 2004) excluding Front National. In 2004, FN is the only eurosceptic party.    &    CDSP \& Manifesto Project Database \\ 
Euroscepticism Index&  Vote Share of Parties in Euro. Parl. Elections (1994, 1999 and 2004) weighted by their EU-Negativity Score   &    CDSP \& Manifesto Project Database \\ 
\textbf{\textit{Control Variables}}&      &   Author computations using ArcGIS  \\ 
Distance to German Border&  Nearest distance of municipal centroid to the German-French border    &Author computations using ArcGIS     \\ 
Distance to Metz& Nearest distance of municipal centroid to the municipal centroid of Metz     &   Author computations using ArcGIS  \\ 
Distance to Nancy & Nearest distance of municipal centroid to the municipal centroid of Nancy     &  Author computations using ArcGIS   \\ 
Distance to Strasbourg&  Nearest distance of municipal centroid to the municipal centroid of Strasbourg    & Author computations using ArcGIS    \\ 
Distance to Mulhouse&  Nearest distance of municipal centroid to the municipal centroid of Mulhouse     &  Author computations using ArcGIS   \\ 
X-Coordinate&  Position of municipal centroid on X-axis of the coordinate system (measured in meters)    &   Author computations using ArcGIS  \\ 
Y-Coordinate& Position of municipal centroid on Y-axis of the coordinate system (measured in meters)     &   Author computations using ArcGIS  \\ 
 \midrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Variable description and source for all variables used in the paper and the online appendix.} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:desc11}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \scriptsize
\caption{Variable Description and Sources 2}\label{var_desc_2} 
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{l X r}
\textbf{Variable}&\textbf{Definition} & \textbf{Source}\\  \midrule 
\textbf{\textit{Pre-Treatment Variables}}&      &     \\ 
Ruggedness&   Index of variance in elevation in each municipality   &  Global elevation data set   \\ 
Elevation&    Meter over sea level  &  NASA SRTM data set   \\ 
Std. Dev. Elevation&    Variation in elevation in standard deviations  &  NASA SRTM data set   \\ 
Suitability (Potato)&    Soil suitability for production of potatoes (medium input intensity and irrigation)  & IIASA/FAO, 2012    \\ 
Suitability (Wheat)&      Soil suitability for production of wheat (medium input intensity and irrigation)&  IIASA/FAO, 2012    \\ 
Suitability (Barley)&     Soil suitability for production of barley (medium input intensity and irrigation) &   IIASA/FAO, 2012   \\ 
Suitability (Sunflower)&     Soil suitability for production of sunflower (medium input intensity and irrigation) &   IIASA/FAO, 2012   \\ 
Suitability (Onion)&     Soil suitability for production of onion (medium input intensity and irrigation) &   IIASA/FAO, 2012   \\ 
River Length& Total length of all rivers (in meters)   & \cite{andreadis2013simple}  \\ 
Population & Population in 1866 & French Census 1866\\
Population Density & Population in 1866 divided by area (in square km)& French Census 1866\\
Cropland& Total area of arable land and permanent crops  in the municipality in 1860 & HYDE 3.2     \\ 
Grazing Land& Total land area used for mowing or grazing livestock in the municipality in 1860    &  HYDE 3.2   \\ 
Road Length&   Total length of road network in the municipality in 1860 & \cite{perret2015roads} \\ 
Railway Station&   Presence of railway station in municipality in 1860 & \cite{mimeur2018revisiting}  \\ 
Railway Quality& Linear hierarchy about the infrastructure in the municipality in 1860  (0 : no / 1 : fast)      & \cite{mimeur2018revisiting} \\ 
Share Children& Share of children in the workforce on the arrondisment-level in Lorraine   & \cite{Chanut2001}     \\ 
Income PC& Average income of industrial worker on the arrondisment-level in Lorraine & \cite{Chanut2001}    \\ 
Worker Productivity& Total industrial production divided by total number of workers on the arrondisment-level in Lorraine & \cite{Chanut2001}  \\ 
Firm Productivity& Total industrial production divided by total number of firms on the arrondisment-level in Lorraine      & \cite{Chanut2001} \\ 
\textbf{\textit{Post-Treatment Variables}}&      &     \\ 
Urban municipality & Dummy variably according to INSEE definition (1 - urban, 0 - rural) in 1999& INSEE \\
Population density & Population per square kilometer (1990, 1999)  & INSEE  \\
Income&   Median income in municipality (2001, 2008)   &     INSEE\\ 
Age&    Mean age in municipality (1990, 1999, 2006)  &   INSEE  \\ 
Foreign residents&   Share of foreign residents in 2006 &   INSEE  \\
Education&   Share of people over 15 years old with a high school degree in 1999 &   INSEE  \\ 
Employment&   Share of blue-collar workers (1999, 2006)  &  INSEE   \\ 
Single parents&   Share of single parents (1990, 1999)  &  INSEE   \\ 
Non-married parents&   Share of non-married parents (1990, 1999)  &  INSEE   \\ 
Health Care (1998)& Dummy variable (1 - at least one health care establishment, 0 - otherwise) in 1998 & INSEE \\
Health Care (2013)& Number of health care establishments (medium-term stay) per 1000 inhabitants in 2013 & INSEE \\
High School (1998)& Dummy variable (1 - at least one high school, 0 - otherwise) in 1998 & INSEE \\
High School (2013)& Number of high schools with general and/or technological education per 1000 inhabitants in 2013& INSEE\\
Vocational School (1998)& Dummy variable (1 - at least one vocational school, 0 - otherwise) in 1998 & INSEE \\
Vocational School (2013) & Number of secondary schools with vocational training per 1000 inhabitants in 2013& INSEE\\
Post Office (1998)& Dummy variable (1 - at least one post office, 0 - otherwise) in 1998 & INSEE \\
Post Office (2013) & Number of post offices per 1000 inhabitants in 2013& INSEE \\
Change Population 1866-1946& Difference in population in a municipality between 1866 and 1946&   \\
Change Population 1916-1946& Difference in population in a municipality between 1916 and 1946&  \\
Change Population 1926-1946& Difference in population in a municipality between 1926 and 1946&  \\
Change Population 1936-1946& Difference in population in a municipality between 1936 and 1946&  \\
 \midrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Variable description and source for all variables used in the paper and the online appendix.} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:desc12}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier\begin{table}[ht]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \scriptsize
\caption{Survey Questions (i.)} 
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{l X X r}
\textbf{Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Question}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Categories/Scale}} & \textbf{Source} \\  \midrule 
French Identity & "Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to France?" & 4 = very attached; 3 = rather attached; 2 = not very attached; 1 = not attached at all; standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1  & OIP 1995/95/99 \& 2001 \\
European Identity & "Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to Europe?" & 4 = very attached; 3 = rather attached; 2 = not very attached; 1 = not attached at all; standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1  & OIP 1995/95/99 \& 2001 \\
European relative to National Identity&&Relation of the two identities; standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1& OIP 1995/95/99 \& 2001 \\
Regional Identity & "Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to [Insert Region]?" & 4 = very attached; 3 = rather attached; 2 = not very attached; 1 = not attached at all; standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1  & OIP 1995/95/99 \& 2001  \\
European Citizen & "I see myself as a European citizen." & The higher the value, the more favorable are respondents to the claim.& OIP 1987/89/93/96/97 \& 2001/03  \\
European Pride & "How proud of being European are you?" & The higher the value, the prouder the respondent. & OIP 1998  \\
Interregional Cooperation in EU & "Concerning development strategies, should the regional council seek cooperation with other European regions?"  &The higher the value, the more respondents want regions to cooperate with other European regions. & OIP 1998  \\
EU (generally) & Opinion of respondents towards the impact of the European project on their region. &The higher the value, the more positive the respondent's opinion & OIP 1995/97  \\
Common Market & "Is the creation of an European common market going to worsen or improve the economic diculties of your region?" &The higher the value, the more benetial the common market is perceived by respondents. & OIP 1989/93 \\
Evaluation of European Union& "Generally, do you think the fact that France is part of the EU is a good or a bad thing?" & 1 = good thing; 0 = bad thing; standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1& PEF2002 V2  \\
Evaluation of Democracy in EU& "And in the European Union, do you believe that democracy is working very well, rather well, not very well or not well at all?" & 4 = very well; 3 = rather well; 2 = not very well; 1 = not well at all; standardized with mean 0 and standard deviation 1& OIP 2000 Q10 \\ \midrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Description of survey questions from the Observatoire Interrégional du Politique (OIP), as well as the panel électoral français. The values of the categories are reversed compared to the original question categories. Questions were originally in French and have been translated.} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:desc2}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier\end{landscape}

\captionsetup[figure]{list=yes}

\captionsetup[table]{list=yes}\begin{table}[ht]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} 
\caption{Descriptive Table 1} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *5{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}} 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Obs.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mean}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Std. Dev.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Min.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Max.}} \\  \midrule 
\textbf{Treatment \& Distance Variable} &35 & & & \\
\input{"Tables/Desc1.tex"} 
\textbf{Dependent Variables} & & & & \\
\input{"Tables/Desc2.tex"} 
\textbf{Control Variables} & & & & \\
\input{"Tables/Desc3.tex"} 
\midrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} This table presents the following statistics for the components of the running variable, as well as the dependent and control variables: Number of Observations, Average Value, Standard Deviation, Maximum and Minimum Value. The description of the variables can be found in the Table \ref{var_desc_1}. } 
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:desc3}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier

\begin{table}[ht]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} 
\caption{Descriptive Table 2} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *5{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}} 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Obs.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mean}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Std. Dev.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Min.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Max.}} \\  \midrule 
\textbf{Pre-Treatment Variables} & & & & \\
\input{"Tables/Desc4.tex"}
\input{"Tables/Desc5.tex"}
\textbf{Post-Treatment Variables} & & & & \\
\input{"Tables/Desc6.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/Desc7.tex"} \midrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} This table presents the following statistics for the Pre- and Post-treatment  variables: Number of Observations, Average Value, Standard Deviation, Maximum and Minimum Value. The description of the variables can be found in the Table \ref{var_desc_2}.} 
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:desc4}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier

\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Location of Cahiers Units}
 \centering \label{fig:app_cahiers_map}

\hspace{-2.5cm}\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Graphs/EU_Regions_AL_Cities_w_names}\vspace{0.2cm}

\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} These are the locations at which the historical Cahier data were collected by the French authorities. The dots reflect the center of an area of collection, rather than a precise point. The French bureaucrats collected their information in the cities on the maps, as well as in the surrounding area. \cite{hyslop1968french} translated the written reports into numerical values, which I rely on.} 
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}


\subsection*{\protect\pagebreak\clearpage Replication of GIS Data}

The geographical data for this paper were georeferenced (where necessary),
processed, transformed and computer using ESRI ArcGIS version 10.6.
The tools that were used included the geoprocessing capabilities of
ArcGIS, spatial analyst to compute area averages, as well as the NEAR
tool for distance calculations.

The projection used to transform data from the geographic coordinate
systems to the projected coordinate systems was ETRS 1989 / UTM Zone
32N (sref.Name==``ETRS\_1989\_UTM\_Zone\_32N\textquotedbl ). This
covers all relevant areas of France and has little distortions along
any dimensions. Hence it can be used to compute area averages as well
as distances between points and borders.

The source of all files, including the geographic data, are provided
in the descriptive tables. Most files are official data directly from
the French authorities. Some borders and maps were georeferenced by
hand, the respective sources are provided below the figures and in
this online appendix. When trying to replicate and work with the data,
make sure to first define the appropriate geographic coordinate systems,
and then transform all (!) files to the same projected coordinate
system before performing any computations. Please contact the author
if there are specific questions about particular parts or an interest
in some of the historical maps and borders.

\pagebreak{}

\captionsetup[figure]{list=yes}

\captionsetup[table]{list=yes}

\section{Overview of Repressive Policies}

\setcounter{figure}{0}  
\setcounter{table}{0}
\begin{longtable}{p{0.1\textwidth} p{0.1\textwidth}p{0.4\textwidth}p{0.12\textwidth}p{0.17\textwidth}}  
\caption{Detailed Overview of Repressive Policies in Alsace and Lorraine} 
\label{tab:Detpolicies}\\ \toprule			 
\textbf{Time Period} & \textbf{Ruled By} & \textbf{Policy} & \textbf{Policy Category} & \textbf{Source}\\ \midrule 1871-1902 & Germany & Reactivation of the 1849 "dictatorship paragraph": permitted house searches, the expulsion of agitators and prohibiting political organizations. & Social, political, military freedom, equality &\cite{carrol2010socialism}; \cite{grasser1998histoire}\\ \hline Beginning 1871/72 & Germany & Bismarcks \textit{Kulturkampf}: government seriously restricted Catholic education as well as the Catholic press. Moreover, some religious orders were expelled from the Reichsland.  & Regional institutions and administrative personnel & \cite{silverman1966political}\\ \hline May 1872 & Germany & Strasbourg University is reopened as "Kaiser-Willhelm-Universitaet." & Language	& \cite{hopel2012french}\\ \hline Oct. 1872 & Germany & Introduction of obligatory military service. & Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{grasser1998histoire} \\ \hline 1873 & Germany & French is prohibited to be taught in schools. & Language & \cite{grasser1998histoire}\\ \hline 1878 & Germany & Legislation to restrict the political participation of the people. & Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{carrol2010socialism}\\ \hline 1882 & Germany & The use of French is prohibited in the Delegation. & Language & \cite{grasser1998histoire}\\ \hline 1887 & Germany & Choral and gymnastic societies are banned as they are seen as opportunities for the coming-together of pro-French minded people. & Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{carrol2010socialism}\\ \hline 1890 onward & Germany & Unwelcome legislation (e.g. German trade regulations) is introduced in Alsace-Lorraine.	& Regional institutions and Administrative Personnel & \cite{hopel2012french}\\ \hline 1890 onward &  Germany & German becomes the only official language and district and county councils become obliged to embrace German as their only language. & Language &  \cite{grasser1998histoire} \\ \hline Until 1898 & Germany & Restrictions are imposed on the press. & Media & \cite{silverman1966political}\\ \hline 1914 & Germany & Citizens sympathizing with the French are taken in "protective detention" without trial. & Separation and segregation; Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{harvey1999lost}\\ \hline 1917/18 & France & Approximately 100 000 Germans are deported. & Separation and segregation & \cite{carrol2011view}, \cite{Callender1927}\\ \hline 1918 & France & Establishment of French Currency. & Regional institutions and administrative personnel & \cite{Callender1927}\tabularnewline \hline Dec. 1918	& France & An identity-card system is implemented: Locals are classified and receive a specific civil status according to the origin of their parents. Lower classification is often associated with discrimination. & Separation and segregation &	\cite{harvey1999lost}\\ \hline Dec. 1918 to Oct. 1919 & France & "Commissions de Triage" are established: Designed to assert the Frenchness of the population in re-annexed areas, individuals suspected of faulty loyalties are investigated and either exonerated, placed under surveillance, taken into custody or expelled from France. In this context, some pro-German Alsatiens are forcefully emigrated. & Separation and segregation; Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{carrol2011view}; \cite{harvey1999lost}\\ \hline 1920 & France &	French becomes the only language to be taught in schools. The so-called ``direct method," where students are immersed in the French language with no reference to German, leads to considerable dificulties for a majority of French-speaking Alsatiends. & Language &	\cite{grasser1998histoire};  \cite{goodfellow1993}\\ \hline 1920s & France & French becomes the official legal language. Due to this, many bureaucrats, who had previously built their career under the German system, are in danger of losing their jobs or being denied promotions as the French government now regards them as incompetent or politically problematic. & Language & \cite{goodfellow1993}\\ \hline June 1924 & France &	The Ministerial Declaration by Premier Edouard Herriot introduces a centralised French administration as well as all French laws and institutions into the recovered territories. The Declaration also introduces the separation of church, secular education and a number of anti-clerical laws. & Regional institutions and administrative personnel & \cite{carrol2011view}; \cite{goodfellow1993} \\ \hline 1925 & France & The post of Commissioner General is abolished and the regional government returned to the Government of Paris & Regional institutions and administrative personnel & \cite{Callender1927} \\ \hline 1927/28 & France & Three autonomist journals become banned as they are seen to have had a central role in a campaign against the French: The "Volksstimme" ("voice of the people"), the "Wahrheit" ("truth") and the "Zukunft" ("future").	& Media & \cite{goodfellow1993} \\ \hline 1927/28 & France & Colmar trials: 15 prominent autonomists are arrested and tried with the reason given that they had participated in a plot to separate Alsace from France. 4 of the 15 are sentenced to 1 year in prison, while 5 are sentenced to be exiled. & Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{goodfellow1993} \\ \hline 1939 & France & 15 autonomists are arrested for relations with the enemy. One autonomist leader is later executed by a fire squad in 1940 in Champigneulles.	& Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{goodfellow1993} \\ \hline 1940 & Germany	& The French language is prohibited from use and street signs must be renamed in German. French names must be replaced by German equivalents. & Language & www.nithart.com; \href{www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr}{Encyclop\'edie}\\ \hline 1940 & Germany	& Germans prohibit the Alsatian dialect as it is regarded as a means of protest against the Nazi-government. & Language & \href{www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr}{Encyclop\'edie}\\ \hline 1940 & Germany	& Germans prohibit typically Alsatian gatherings and celebrations as they are seen as expressions of specifically regional culture and therefore against the Germanisation efforts of the Nazi regime. & Social, political, military freedom, equality & \href{www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr}{Encyclop\'edie}\\ \hline 1940 & Germany	& German is made the official language of the administration. & Language & \cite{grasser1998histoire} \\ \hline 1945-1952 & France &  Teaching of German is de jure prohibited in schools, de facto this is applied in about half of the schools.	& Language & \url{www.alsace-lorraine.org}; \cite{anderson1972regional}\\ \hline 1953 & France & Bordeaux trials: 13 Alsatian \textit{malgr\'{e}-nous} are sentenced to death due to their involvement in the massacre of Oradour-sur-Glane. & Social, political, military freedom, equality & \cite{Boswell2008} \cite{collins2007}\\ \bottomrule \end{longtable} \vspace{-3mm} 	
%\raggedright 
\emph{Notes:} \href{www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr}{Encyclop\'edie} refers to \url{www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr}.
%\end{center}

\newpage{}

\section{Mechanisms and Background on Nested Identities\label{sec:Relation-between-multiple}}

\setcounter{figure}{0}  
\setcounter{table}{0}

\subsection{Further Evidence on Migration, Socioeconomics, Public Goods, Identity}

This section describes the tests related to potential mechanisms in
more detail. This part discusses population changes, socio-economic
and public good provision in detail, and the next part discusses European
identity.

Population in- or outflows might have contributed to explaining the
observed differences in EU support. Historians document at least two
big migration waves in and out of the treatment area as a whole, one
when becoming German after 1871 and one after WWI when returning to
France. The overall numbers at the département level added up to be
in the tens of thousands, but historians disagree about the exact
numbers \citep{harvey1999lost}. To work as a mechanism in the RD
specifications, migration must be related to changes for municipalities
at the border. For the years between 1866 and 1956, I managed to gather
municipal level historical census data. Migration can affect EU support
directly by changing the norms and identities in an area or by changing
the composition of the population with regard to socioeconomic factors.

Panel A in \autoref{fig:smoothness_post_treatment-2} begins by testing
for discontinuities in population changes at the treatment border.
The coefficient plots indicate no such discontinuities, suggesting
that migration was not a direct mechanism. Prior research shows that
socioeconomic factors like education, age, employment or income are
related to political choices. Even though panel A did not indicate
net population changes at the border, the composition could still
have been altered. The treatment period could also have influenced
these factors by changing incentives, norms or institutions. For instance,
the remaining legal differences, the so-called ``local laws'', differences
in religiosity (the treated area is more catholic and still features
obligatory religious lessons at school) or the political influence
of 50 years of German rule could affect these aspects. Nonetheless,
\autoref{fig:smoothness_post_treatment-2} provides no evidence that
these factors are the decisive mechanisms.

Finally, the third plausible socioeconomic channel is change in public
good provision by the respective départements. For instance, the German
occupation period might not have solely been an exposure to negative
policies by a nation-state, but to some degree, citizens in the treated
area might also have adapted to the more decentralized German system.
A better functioning département could also plausibly explain higher
support for policies that weaken the national level compared to other
levels. Panel C, however, provides no empirical evidence in favor
of this mechanism either.

\autoref{fig:app_smoothness_post_treatment_add} provides an extended
coefficient plot with outcomes from additional years, as well as some
additional outcomes. All results further suggest that those categories
do not reflect the main mechanism of persistence.\footnote{Moreover, \autoref{OA:relig_yes} shows that religiousness and religious
denomination are not significantly related to EU support in France
during the sample period.}

\autoref{fig:app_smoothness_post_treatment_add} provides an extended
version of panel B and C with data from additional years.

\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Mechanisms: Population Changes, Socioeconomic Factors, and Public
Goods}
 \centering \label{fig:smoothness_post_treatment-2}

\hspace{-2.5cm}\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{Graphs/Fig7_Mechanisms}

\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Panel A-C show RD, panel D OLS coefficients,  with 95\% confidence interval. Public good provision is measured per capita. All  variables were standardized with mean zero and variance one. Detailed results in \autoref{tab:ID_Table_posttreat}.} 	
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Mechanisms - Extended Panel B and Panel C}
 \centering \label{fig:app_smoothness_post_treatment_add}

\hspace{-2.5cm}\includegraphics[scale=0.9]{Graphs/coefplot_rob_2add}\vspace{-0.5cm}

\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Figure shows RD coefficients with 95\% confidence interval. Public good provision is measured per capita. All  variables were standardized with mean zero and variance one. Compared to Figure 7, this figure contains data for additional years of the same variables, as well as two variables measuring single-and non-married parents as a further test for existing differences in family structure.} 	
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-0.2cm}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{European Identity}

We can define identity formally by adapting \citet{shayo2009}. An
individual $i$ can identify with multiple groups $j$ that are potentially
nested in each other. People in the control and treated area have
at least three identities that can differ in strength: regional Alsatian
or Lorrainian, national French identity, and European identity. Group
identity depends on the \textit{perceived} distance to the ``prototypical''
member of group $j$, so that

$$ h^{i,j} = 1-\left(\displaystyle\sum_{k\in K} \omega_k(p^i_k - p^j_k)^2\right)^{1/2}$$.

$j \in \{R, N, EU\}$, with $R,N$ and $EU$ corresponding to region,
nation and Europe. This section will focus on whether the treated
area on average has a stronger European identity, and whether this
comes at the cost of national identity. \autoref{sec:Relation-between-multiple}
considers the relationship between all three nested identities in
more detail.

How strong an individual $i$ identifies with a group $j$ depends
on the weight $\omega_k$ she puts on individual attributes $p_k$
that she shares with the other group members, compared to those that
distinguish her from the group. Individual attributes are predetermined,
so that the weights determine the identity strength. If, for instance,
historical events cause individuals to emphasize the common suffering
by all Europeans during the complicated and conflict-prone history
of the continent more, their European identity becomes stronger.

\vspace{0cm}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\caption{Mechanisms: Stronger European Identity} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *2{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{A. European and National Identity}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{National Identity}} \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_attach1.tex"}
\end{tabularx}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *2{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{B. European Identity (Alternative)}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Citizen}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Pride}} \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_opinions2_1.tex"}   
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Sources:} Individual-level survey from the Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP). \textit{``X" Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to X?" X refers to Europe and the nation (France in this case), asked in separate questions (95, 97, 99 and 01). \textit{European Citizen}: ``I see myself as a European citizen." (87, 89, 93, 96, 97, 01 and 03).  \textit{European Pride}: ``How proud of being European are you?" (98). The higher the value, the higher the agreement of the respondents. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero and variance one. Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Standard errors in brackets and p-values below.}
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:OLS_opinions}
\end{table}
\end{center}
%\FloatBarrier
\vspace{-1.5cm}

Table \ref{tab:OLS_opinions}, panel A begins by showing that attachment
to Europe, a common proxy for identity, is clearly stronger in the
treated area. This holds when setting European relative to national
French identity. European identity remains between a quarter and a
third of a standard deviation stronger in the treated area. Both differences
are statistically significant at the 1\%-level. Panel B uses whether
respondents perceive themselves as European citizens and whether they
are proud of being European as alternatives. Again, there is a consistently
stronger European identity in the treated area. The differences are
meaningfully large in size and statistically highly significant. To
sum up, the higher EU support and lower share of Eurosceptic parties
is also reflected in a stronger European identity in the part of the
region historically more negatively affected by the actions of nation-states.\footnote{Remember that the survey data are available at the département instead
of municipal level, i.e., we are essentially comparing conditional
means in the three treated and three control départements.}

In \autoref{tab:EUiden_economic}, I test whether the stronger European
identity in the treated area is driven by higher perceived economic
benefits for the region. A significant difference would suggest that
people who expect higher economic gains are also the ones driving
the differences in European identity. This does not seem to be the
case. Interacting the treatment variable with three different indicators
of perceived economic benefits always yields a positive and significant
treatment effect, but this effect is not moderated by economic perceptions.

\vspace{-0.5cm}

\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\caption{Differences in European Identity and Perceived Economic Benefits} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Europ.}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Europ.}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Europ.}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Citizen}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Pride}} \\\midrule

\input{"Tables/ID_Table_EUR_dev_REG.tex"}
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{Notes: Individual-level survey data from the Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP). \textit{European Citizen}: ``I see myself as a European citizen." (89 and 93). \textit{European Pride}: ``How proud of being European are you?" (98). \textit{Cooperation Regions}: ``Concerning development strategies, should the regional council seek cooperation with other European regions" (98). \textit{European Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to Europe?"  \textit{Common Market}:  "Is the creation of an European common market going to worsen or improve the economic difficulties of your region?" (89 and 93). \textit{EU Impact}: Opinion of respondents towards the economic impact of the European project on their region (95  and 97). Main variables are standardized with mean zero and variance one. The higher the value, the higher the agreement of the respondent. Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Standard errors in brackets and p-values below. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:EUiden_economic}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\vspace{-0.5cm}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Relation between Multiple Identities}

One crucial question when discussing contributions to stronger identification
with a supra-national identity like the European Union is whether
this necessarily has to come at the cost of weaker lower-level identities.
Although there is a literature about the possibility of dual identities,
in particular in border regions, it seems that this is often implicitly
assumed. To examine this, I also evaluate the effect of the treatment
on regional and national identity. Such an approach is not entirely
new and relates to existing studies. \citet{hooghe2004does}, for
instance, find that stating a stronger national identity correlates
with a stronger European identity using Eurobarometer data.

It is not straightforward to evaluate the relationship between identities
at different levels using survey measures as proxies for the real
identity. Using the OIP surveys, for instance, there is a positive
correlation between identities at all levels. However, this is hard
to interpret as it could be related to an individual-specific error
term, like a general tendency to answer more positively or negatively.
In addition to studying correlations at the individual level, we can
also examine the correlations between département level regional,
national and European identities. This way, the individual-specific
error terms are canceled out. The result still suggests a positive
correlation between the identities at different levels. Nonetheless,
a causal interpretation could still be problematic as the differences
cannot be distinguished from département-specific error terms.

Ideally, we would want to use real panel data to examine how the European
identity of the same individual changes as her national or regional
identity changes. Instead of such a panel, examining the effect of
the treatment on the identities at all three levels is of equal interest.
Given that we can interpret the treatment effect as the change within
formerly homogeneous regions, we can also examine whether the observed
increase in European identity comes at the cost of a lower national
or regional identity.

\autoref{tab:app_OLS_opinions2} shows the results. First, even though
the treated areas were historically more negatively affected by the
French nation state, the stronger European identity does not come
at the expense of a much weaker national identity. French identity
is only minimally weaker, and the difference is clearly statistically
insignificant. My findings hence suggest that national identities
are not an obstacle to European integration, contrasting prior correlational
work \citep{carey2002undivided,fligstein2012european}. When examining
regional identity, there is even a positive effect. That means that
both European identity and regional identity are strengthened. This
is explained by \citet{dehdarigehring2018origins}. Due to the European
Union being perceived as fostering the cause of regions in the 1990s
and early 2000s, regional and European identity are perceived as aligned;
in economic terms they could be described as substitute. Using the
terminology in \citet{hooghe2004does}, individuals defined their
regional identity as inclusive with regard to European identity.\footnote{Also note that the positive correlation between regional and European
identity is much stronger in the treated area than in the rest of
France.}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \footnotesize
\caption{Nested Identities: EU, National, and  Regional Level (Alsace \& Lorraine)} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}}   \\ \midrule \vspace{-4mm} \\
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Strength of Identities}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_opinions1_1.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Relationship between Nested Identities}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ 
\textbf{Variable of Interest}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} \\ \midrule  
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity6_2.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel C}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Preference: Level of Decision-Making}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Level}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{National Level}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Level}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_dev_plan1.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel D}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Preference: Level of Decision-Making (relative to alternative)}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Baseline}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Level}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{National Level}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Level}} \\ 
\textbf{rather than}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{National Level}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Level}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Level}} \\ \midrule  
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_dev_plan2.tex"} 
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Sources:} Individual-level survey data from the Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP). \textit{``X" Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to X?" The higher the value the more attached the respondent is to X. X refers to Europe, the nation (France in this case), and the region, asked in separate questions. These questions where available for the years 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001. Main question panel C and D: ``In your opinion, should the development of your region occur according to a plan decided by the region, the state or the European Union?," only available in 1991. In panel C, \textit{``X" Level} is a dummy variable indicating the choice of ``X" (Region, State or EU). In panel D, for each column the sample is reduced only the respondents chosing either Option 1 or 2 (Option 1 = 1; Option 2 = 0). Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Standard errors in brackets and p-values right below. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:app_OLS_opinions2}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier

Panel B of \autoref{tab:app_OLS_opinions2} explores for each possible
identity pair, whether the relationship between two identities is
stronger or weaker in the treated compared to the control area. To
do so, I regress one identity on another and include the treatment
dummy variable, as well as the interaction between the two. Note that
in this regression only the interaction between the treatment dummy
and the other identity can be causally interpreted.

The results show that the differences between the treatment and control
areas are not explained by a stronger relationship between regional
and French or French and European identity. The interaction term becomes
significant only when considering the relationship between European
and regional identity. The correlation between the two is significantly
stronger in the treated area than in the control area. Hence, the
joint increase in both identities in panel A can be explained by the
fact that both identities seem to be stronger substitutes in the treated
area.

\subsection{Further Details}

\autoref{tab:Identity_substitutes} explores the relationship between
different identities in more detail, now using the same survey data
for all of France, only excluding the area examined so far. Panel
A explores whether each pair of identity variables is correlated positively
at the individual level. This is clearly the case; there is a positive
relationship for all three pairs, which is stronger for identity pairs
that are conceptually closer to each other. That means regional and
French identity, as well as French and European identity, are closer
related with each other than European and regional identity. All individual
level results are robust to including département- and year-fixed
effects.

Of course, these individual level results might be driven by any omitted
variable at the individual level, or framed differently, an individual
specific error term. To overcome this concern as well as possible
with the data at hand, I average the identity variables at the département
level for panel C and D. With a sufficiently high number of observations
per département, in this case about 100, the individual specific error
terms should cancel each other out when averaging. Using a pooled
cross section in panel C yields rather different results. The relationship
between regional and French identity is not statistically insignificant,
and the relationship between European and regional identity becomes
negative. When including département and year fixed effects in panel
D, and thus estimating off of only changes in the explanatory variables
by département, the results change again. Regional and French identity
are again positively correlated, and European and regional identity
is positive but statistically insignificant.

The most robust positive relationship might come as a surprise for
many politicians and scientific observers. National French identity
and European identity are positively correlated in each specification.
This holds even when identifying the effect only with changes over
time in panel D. Hence, when thinking about achieving a stronger European
identity in the future, the evidence, at least from France, suggests
that a stronger national identity seems to be helpful rather than
an obstacle in achieving this.

\autoref{tab:EUiden_economic} shows that the stronger European identity
in the treated area does not seem to be driven by the perception of
stronger economic benefits. Instead, it appears to be driven by a
psychological change relating to the value of the EU in other non-economic
dimensions, potentially its role in maintaining peace.
\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} 
\caption{Identities as Substitutes (All of France w/o Alsace \& Lorraine)} 
\resizebox{0.8\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ 
\textbf{Variable of Interest}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} \\ \midrule 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} \\ \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel A} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Individual level}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity_1.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Individual level (Département- and year-fixed effects)}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity_2.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel C} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Départemental level}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity_3.tex"}  \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel D} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Départemental level (Département- and year-fixed effects)}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity_4.tex"}
\end{tabular}}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{Notes: Individual-level survey daa from Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP) from the years 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001. \textit{``X" Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to X?" The higher the value the more attached the respondent is to X. X refers to Europe, the nation (France in this case) and the region, asked in separate questions. Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Standard errors in brackets and p-values right below. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:Identity_substitutes}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Qualitative Evidence about the Role of Regional Organizations in Maintaining Historical Memories in Alsace-Lorraine\label{subsec:Qualitative-evidence-about}}

This subsection provides evidence about the role of regionalist organizations
during the treatment period, as well as the role they play afterwards
in maintaining historical memories. First, \autoref{oa:regionalist}
provides a list of all regionalist organizations that I found which
were established during the treatment period. There have been a lot
of organizations in all kinds of different areas, ranging from parties
to newspapers and private associations.

It is important to note that regional organizations were established
both during the German and the French treatment period with harsh
nation-building policies. Regional organizations also played a role
to organize resistance during war times. Hence, the role of regional
organizations as a mechanism is not confined to specific negative
experiences with nation-states, but seems to be a more general means
of suppressed groups to engage in collective action and maintain their
culture and identity. 

It is also important to observe that those organizations were established
and represent both German- and French-dialect speaking citizens. This
is in line with the interpretation that the decisive \textquotedbl treatment\textquotedbl{}
is the negative experiences with the central state, which were shared
by all citizens in the regions. While any claim of comprehensively
capturing all possible organizations would be exaggerated, I found
little evidence of similar organizations being founded in comparable
numbers in the control area.

Finally, it is interesting to observe that regional organizations
play an important role both in the active resistance towards central
state oppression as well as in maintaining historical memories in
many other minority regions. When examining the history of other minority
regions like Catalonia, Corsica, the Basque country or South Tyrol,
regional organizations were always reported to be an important means
in maintaining regional culture and keeping historical memories alive.

\begin{landscape}

\begin{table}[ht!]  
\caption{The Foundation of Regionalist Organizations in the Treated Area}
\label{oa:regionalist}
\footnotesize
\begin{tabular}{llllll} 
				Name   & Category   & Place              & Time & Regionalist & Source \\ \toprule
				Union Républicaine Lorraine (URL)   & Party      & Moselle            & 1919 & Yes    & 1                \\
				Christlich-Soziale Partei       & Party      & Moselle            & 1926 & Yes     & 2               \\
				Parti Lorrain Indépendant (also "Groupe Lorrain")   & Party      & Moselle   & 1907 & Yes  & 3      \\
				Elsaß-Lothringische Landespartei &	Party &	Alsace and Moselle &	1903 & Yes & 4 \\
Elsass-Lothringen Partei (also “Les Protestataires”) &	Party &	Alsace and Moselle &	1874 & Yes & 5 \\
			Les Autonomistes &	Party &	Alsace and Moselle &	1877 & Yes & 6 \\
						Elsass-Lothringer Partei   & Party      & Alsace and Moselle & 1936 & Yes            & 7        \\
Unabhängige Landespartei für Elsass-Lothringen & Party & Alsace and Moselle & 1927 & Yes& 8       \\
Elsass-Lothringisches Zentrum & Party      & Alsace and Moselle & 1906 & Yes            & 9        \\
Elsass-Lothringische Fortschrittspartei   & Party      & Alsace and Moselle & 1929 & Yes              & 10      \\
Parti Communiste Français (PCF)  & Party      & Alsace and Moselle & 1918 & Yes              & 11      \\
Indépendants d'action populaire (IAP)  & Party      & Alsace and Moselle & 1932  & Yes & 12     \\
Républicains du centre (DRC)    & Party  & Alsace and Moselle & 1936  & Yes & 13     \\
Elsass-Lothringisch-Autonomistische Partei (ELAP)  & Party  & Alsace and Moselle & 1925  & Yes & 14     \\
Kommunistische Partei-Opposition (KP-O)   & Party & Alsace and Moselle & 1929   & Yes & 15    \\
Elsass-Lothringische Arbeiter und Bauernpartei (ELABP)& Party & Alsace and Moselle & 1939	& Yes & 16	   \\
Faisceau     & Party      & Alsace             & 1925 & Yes           & 17         \\
Union Populaire Républicaine d'Alsace (UPRA; sometimes UPR& Party      & Alsace             & 1919 & Yes               & 18   \\
Action Populaire Nationale d'Alsace (APNA)	 & Party      & Alsace             & 1928 & No              & 19       \\
Parti Républicain Démocratique (PRD)    & Party  & Alsace & 1919  & No & 20     \\
Elsaesserpartei (EP)     & Party & Alsace & 1922   & Yes & 21    \\
Elsaessischer Oppositionsblock (EOB)     & Party & Alsace & 1927	& Yes & 22  \\
Elsassische Fortschrittspartei (EFP)          & Party      & Alsace             & 1926 & Yes           & 23         \\
Union Populaire Républicaine Nationale d'Alsace (UPRNA) & Party & Alsace  & 1924 & Yes          & 24     \\
Elsässische Arbeiter und Bauernpartei (EABP) & Party  & Alsace  & 1935 & Yes    & 25       \\
Le Lorrain   & Newpaper   & Moselle            & 1883 & No              & 26       \\
Die Lothringer Zeitung (German-speaking); Metzer Tageblatt& Newspaper   & Moselle  & 1878 & No              & 27       \\
Metzer Freies Journal (Le Républicain lorrain) & Newspaper  & Moselle      & 1919 & No & 28       \\
La Moselle Républicaine    & Newspaper  & Moselle            & 1921 & No               & 29      \\
Die Elsass-Lothringer Zeitung     & Newspaper  & Alsace and Moselle & 1929 & Yes              & 30      \\
Journal d'Alsace et de Lorraine     & Newspaper  & Alsace and Moselle & 1919 & No             & 31        \\
Die Zukunft    & Newspaper  & Alsace and Moselle & 1925 & Yes             & 32       \\
Die Volksstimme    & Newspaper  & Alsace and Moselle & 1925 & Yes             & 33       \\
Die Wahrheit     & Newspaper  & Alsace             & 1926 & Yes             & 34       \\
Das Neue Elsass     & Newspaper  & Alsace             & 1911 & Yes            & 35        \\
D'r Schliffstaan     & Newspaper  & Alsace             & 1919 & Yes             & 36       \\
Elsass-lothringische Einheitsfront      & Other org. & Alsace and Moselle & 1926 & Yes               & 37     \\
Elsass-Lothringischer Heimatbund      & Other org. & Alsace and Moselle & 1926 & Yes               & 38     \\
Liga zur Verteidigung Elsass-Lothringens  & Other org. & Alsace and Moselle & 1914 & Yes & 39      \\
Elsassischer Bauernbund    & Other org. & Alsace             & 1924 & Yes      & 40             \\  
\bottomrule
	\end{tabular}
	\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\FloatBarrier

There is also evidence that regional organizations still matter today
(note that selected parts of the qualitative evidence here are also
cited in the paper directly in the Division of Alsace and Lorraine as a Natural Experiment section). Among regionalist parties,
the ``Parti Lorraine'' highlights its aim for a ``modern federal
structure''. ``Unser Land'' publicly claims that citizens in the
region feel like ``citizen's of second rank'' in French states suffering
from ``centralist cholera,'' and the Parti DE Mosellans claims that
as an answer ``European integration must prove itself''.\footnote{See party websites, \href{http://parti-lorrain.e-monsite.com/}{http://parti-lorrain.e-monsite.com/},
\href{https://www.unserland.org/unser-land/histoire-du-parti/}{https://www.unserland.org/unser-land/histoire-du-parti/},
and \href{https://www.57pdm.org/programme-2/programme/}{https://www.57pdm.org/programme-2/programme/},
last accessed 14.05.2020.} The national government is accused of ``ensuring the domination
of the center over regions''. Recent demonstrations against a territorial
reform that was perceived as dictated by the central government featured
Posters with slogans like ``hands off Alsace'' and ``Paris we don't
need you''. Demonstrators were chanting, ``No to an annexation'',
and one group speaks specifically of ``history repeating itself,
Paris violating our identity''. The political scientist Richard Kleinschamger
explains that due to the specific history, ``the region still suffers''.
This is also exemplified by the fact that individual young demonstrators
are cited saying that central French government ``have always oppressed
us'' and is ``trampling on our identity''.\footnote{Citations from the French newspaper ``La Libération'' (\href{ https://www.liberation.fr/france/2015/03/19/c-est-surement-notre-derniere-chance-d-agir-pour-l-alsace_1224282}{ https://www.liberation.fr/france/2015/03/19/c-est-surement-notre-derniere-chance-d-agir-pour-l-alsace\_1224282}),
and from Frankfurter Rundschau (\href{https://www.fr.de/politik/autonomisten-versuchen-glueck-11151518.html}{https://www.fr.de/politik/autonomisten-versuchen-glueck-11151518.html}),
last accessed 14.05.2020.}

Museums and exhibitions like the Mémorial Alsace-Moselle, which displays
photographs and document about the region's difficult history, also
play an important role.\footnote{See \href{-	https://www.memorial-alsace-moselle.com/le-memorial/un-peu-d-histoire/1945-contribution-de-lalsace-moselle}{-	https://www.memorial-alsace-moselle.com/le-memorial/un-peu-d-histoire/1945-contribution-de-lalsace-moselle},
last accessed 14.05.2020.} The private association ``Elsass-Lothringischer Volksbund'' aims
to maintain the region's specific culture and history and advocates
its ``right of self-determination in a federal EU''. 

There are also regional TV productions like the series ``Les Alsaciens
ou les Deux Mathilde'' which make the difficulties with both central
states the subject of discussion as part of a family drama. In books
like ``Marianne m'a tuer'' and ``Le livre noir du jacobinisme scolaire
en Alsace'' (Bernard Wittmann), authors describe and complain about
the mistreatment of Alsace and its culture by the central state. The
magazine ``Heb'di'' aims to maintain and popularize the region's
specific culture and history.\footnote{See \href{https://www.hebdi.com/qui-sommes-nous/}{https://www.hebdi.com/qui-sommes-nous/},
last accessed 18.05.2020.} Nowadays, websites and online media of course also matter. For instance,
a privately organized website aims to maintain the memories of the
``Malgré-nous'' with the German and then the French central state,
and another one trying to keep memories of the region's history alive
had more than 170,000 page views since 2011.\footnote{See \href{https://www.culture-bilinguisme-lorraine.org/fr/blog/2019/138-les-schirrmeister-chronique-d-une-famille-mosellane-1870-2014}{https://www.culture-bilinguisme-lorraine.org/fr/blog/2019/138-les-schirrmeister-chronique-d-une-famille-mosellane-1870-2014}
and \href{http://malgrenous.net}{http://malgrenous.net}, last accessed
14.05.2020.}

Often, European integration plays an important role for these organizations.
The Mémorial Alsace-Moselle also highlights the ``story of European
integration'' in overcoming the region's history. The TV show about
``les deux Matilde'' highlights that the region can only ``find
its resolution in a reconciled Europe.” Regionalist parties claim
that, ``being Alsatian means being an EU citizen.'' \textit{Unser
Land} specifically campaigns for a strong region embedded in a supra-national
EU framework, the Parti des Mosellans highlights that in border regions
like Alsace and Lorraine ``European integration must prove itself'',
and the Parti Lorrain highlights European integration as one of its
founding principles, together with other reforms that grant less power
to the central state.

\newpage\textbf{Further sources about regionalist organizations today:}

Almémos, L. a. (2001). À propos. Retrieved from\href{https://almemos.hypotheses.org/a-propos }{https://almemos.hypotheses.org/a-propos }

Gérard, J.-F. (2014). Le film Le nom des 86 sur Alsace 20. Retrieved
from

\href{https://www.rue89strasbourg.com/le-film-le-nom-des-86-sur-alsace-20-ce-week-end-76864}{https://www.rue89strasbourg.com/le-film-le-nom-des-86-sur-alsace-20-ce-week-end-76864} 

Goetz, L. (2014). Alsace fights back: a French David vs. Goliath story.
Retrieved from \href{https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/alsace-fights-back-french-david-vs-goliath-story/}{https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/alsace-fights-back-french-david-vs-goliath-story/} 

Grandhomme, J.-N. (2017). L’impossible mémoire. Le cas de l’Alsace-Lorraine.
In R. m. Laurent Jalabert, Arndt Weinrich (Ed.), La longue mémoire
de la Grande Guerre: Regards croisés franco-allemands de 1918 à nos
jours (pp. 135-150): Presses universitaires du Septentrion. 

Heb'di. (2018). Qui sommes-nous ? Retrieved from \href{https://www.hebdi.com/qui-sommes-nous/ indépendante}{https://www.hebdi.com/qui-sommes-nous/ indépendante}. 

Parti Lorrain. Retrieved from \href{http://parti-lorrain.e-monsite.com/}{http://parti-lorrain.e-monsite.com/}
.

Mosellans, P. d. Programme. Retrieved from \href{https://www.57pdm.org/programme-2/programme/ }{https://www.57pdm.org/programme-2/programme/ }.

SudOuest.fr. (2015). \textquotedbl On m’a alsassinée\textquotedbl{}
: une chanson contre la réforme des régions en Alsace. Sud Ouest.
Retrieved from \href{https://www.sudouest.fr/2015/03/14/on-m-a-alsassinee-une-chanson-contre-la-reforme-des-regions-en-alsace-1859558-6058.php }{https://www.sudouest.fr/2015/03/14/on-m-a-alsassinee-une-chanson-contre-la-reforme-des-regions-en-alsace-1859558-6058.php }.

UnserLand. RENDEZ-NOUS NOTRE PARLEMENT ! Retrieved from 

\href{https://www.unserland.org/programme/institutions/ Wikipedia}{https://www.unserland.org/programme/institutions/ Wikipedia}.
(2020, April 27). 

Régions et peuples solidaires. Retrieved from \href{https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/}{https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/}R\%C3\%A9gions\_et\_peuples\_solidaires 

Wittmann, B. (2001). Marianne m'a tuer: Ed.Nord Alsace. 

Wittmann, B. (2020). Le livre noir du jacobinisme scolaire en Alsace.
Retrieved from \href{https://www.hebdi.com/le-livre-noir-du-jacobinisme-scolaire-en-alsac/\#_ftnref2 }{https://www.hebdi.com/le-livre-noir-du-jacobinisme-scolaire-en-alsac/\#\_ftnref2 }

\newpage{}

 \begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \textbf{Further sources about regionalist organizations during the treatment period:} \begin{enumerate} \tiny 	\item Union Républicaine Lorraine (URL) 		\begin{enumerate} 		\item 	Carrol (2011), p. 476 		\item \url{https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_r%C3%A9publicaine_lorraine} 		\end{enumerate} 	\item Christlich-Soziale Partei                                                                             		\begin{enumerate} 		\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=nEdODrmH6R0C\&pg=PA57\&lpg=PA57\&dq=\%22christlich-soziale+partei\%22+moselle\&source=bl\&ots=djlq0-CqiC\&sig=ACfU3U31QRH2t1mfdf8PXuu9WzFmd9rZdg\&hl=fr\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwi70Jqp2MDiAhWKPFAKHQXUCMYQ6AEwAXoECAgQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=\%22christlich-soziale\%20partei\%22\%20moselle\&f=false} 		\item \url{https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_r%C3%A9publicaine_lorraine} 		\end{enumerate}  	\item Parti Lorrain Indépendant (also "Groupe Lorrain") 		\begin{enumerate} 		\item 	Grohman (1999), p. 95, p. 301 		\item 	Carrol (2011), p. 476 		\end{enumerate}  	\item Elsaß-Lothringische Landespartei 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Eccard, Frédéric. L'Alsace sous la domination allemande. 1919. pp. 197-198   			\item \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine_Regional_Party} 		\end{enumerate} 	\item Elsass-Lothringen Partei (also “Les Protestataires”) 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{http://www.numdam.org/article/JSFS_1913__54__607_0.pdf} 		
			\item \url{http://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/1914-1918/les-deputes-protestataires-d-alsace-lorraine#node_4345}  		
			\item Vincent E McHale (1983) Political parties of Europe, Greenwood Press, p417  ISBN 0-313-23804-9   		
			\item \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine_Party}                       		\end{enumerate} 	\item Les Autonomistes 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{http://www.numdam.org/article/JSFS_1913__54__607_0.pdf} 		
			\item \url{https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_de_la_circonscription_de_Strasbourg-Ville_au_Reichstag_1874-1918#%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_biographiques_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s} 		\end{enumerate} 	\item Elsass-Lothringer Partei 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item	\url{http://www.webcitation.org/5kmXUnBss?url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.geocities.com\%2Fbfel\%2Fgeschichte6.html} 		
			\item	\url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=4G29K4eTqK4C\&pg=PA219\&lpg=PA219\&dq=die+volksstimme+alsace+lorraine\&source=bl\&ots=5qDc9OIDer\&sig=ACfU3U3laKULdeNS\_XeCNIUwP} 			\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=ltJFDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PT66\&lpg=PT66\&dq=\%22Frei+Volk\%22+journal\&source=bl\&ots=pSh1Wmv4rI\&sig=ACfU3U0wyBUAt\_Ve9WwRkArz1XkWJOEv9A\&hl=fr\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjczfPt9sDiAhWt4YUKHW5QDIkQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=\%22Frei\%20Volk\%22\%20journal\&f=false} 		\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} 	\begin{enumerate} \tiny \setcounter{enumi}{7} 	\item	Unabhängige Landespartei für Elsass-Lothringen 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?redir\_esc=y\&id=Y-t3l5UJKCcC\&q=landespartei\#v=snippet\&q=landespartei\&f=true} 			\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?redir\_esc=y\&id=Y-t3l5UJKCcC\&q=landespartei\#v=snippet\&q=landespartei\&f=true} 		\end{enumerate}              	\item Elsass-Lothringisches Zentrum                                                                           		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Carrol (2011), p. 476, p. 480  			\item \url{https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa\%C3\%9F-Lothringische\_Zentrumspartei} 		\end{enumerate} 	\item Elsass-Lothringische Fortschrittspartei                                                                 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Elsass-Lothringische\_Fortschrittspartei\_(ELFP)} 		\end{enumerate} 	\item Parti Communiste Français (PCF)                                                                         		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=scvcL3fgSIcC\&pg=PA79\&lpg=PA79\&dq=La+Lorraine+ouvri\%C3\%A8re+et+paysanne\&source=bl\&ots=jIkxggKw\_B\&sig=ACfU3U36fqrvl0h\_j6jnTBUuwjUUKQX5Qw\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwisw8jxxqLiAhWJL1AKHc9YCJcQ6AEwEHoECAgQAQ\#v=snippet\&q=party\&f=false} 			\item Carrol (2011) p. 74 		\end{enumerate}         
\item Indépendants d'action populaire (IAP)                                                                        \begin{enumerate} 	\item \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicans_of_the_Centre} \end{enumerate}      \item Républicains du centre (DRC)                                                                       \begin{enumerate} 	\item \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicans_of_the_Centre} \end{enumerate}    

	\item Elsass-Lothringisch-Autonomistische Partei (ELAP)                                                                       	\begin{enumerate} 		\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Elsass-Lothringisch-Autonomistische_Partei_(ELAP)} 	\end{enumerate}    	\item Kommunistische Partei-Opposition (KP-O)                                                                       	\begin{enumerate} 		\item \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian_Workers_and_Peasants_Party} 		\item Goodfellow, Samuel. From Communism to Nazism: The Transformation of Alsatian Communists, in Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr., 1992), pp. 231-258  		\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Els%C3%A4ssische_Arbeiter_und_Bauernpartei_(EABP)} 		\end{enumerate}    		\item Elsass-Lothringische Arbeiter und Bauernpartei (ELABP)                                                                       		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Els%C3%A4ssische_Arbeiter_und_Bauernpartei_(EABP)} 			\end{enumerate}    		
			\item Faisceau                                                                                                 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item Goodfellow (2010), Fascism in interwar Alsace, p. 137 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Union populaire républicaine 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item Carrol (2011), p. 476 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Action Populaire Nationale d'Alsace (APNA)  			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{http://www.webcitation.org/5kmXUnBss?url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.geocities.com\%2Fbfel\%2Fgeschichte6.html} 			\end{enumerate}   	\end{enumerate} \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} 	\begin{enumerate} \tiny \setcounter{enumi}{19}	
			\item Parti Républicain Démocratique (PRD)  			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Parti_R%C3%A9publicain_D%C3%A9mocratique_(PRD)_Alsace} 				\end{enumerate}  				\item Elsaesserpartei (EP)  				\begin{enumerate} 					\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Elsaessischer_Oppositionsblock_(EOB)} 				\end{enumerate}  				\item Elsaessischer Oppositionsblock (EOB)  				\begin{enumerate} 					\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Elsaessischer_Oppositionsblock_(EOB)} 				\end{enumerate}  				\item Elsassische Fortschrittspartei (EFP)  				\begin{enumerate} 					\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Elsass-Lothringische_Fortschrittspartei_(ELFP)} 				\end{enumerate}  				\item Union Populaire Républicaine Nationale d'Alsace (UPRNA) 				\begin{enumerate} 					\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Union_Populaire_R%C3%A9publicaine_Nationale_d%27Alsace_(UPRNA)} 					\end{enumerate}  				
				
					\item Elsässische Arbeiter und Bauernpartei (EABP)  					\begin{enumerate} 						\item \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/wiki/Els%C3%A4ssische_Arbeiter_und_Bauernpartei_(EABP)} 						\end{enumerate}  

	\item Le Lorrain               	\begin{enumerate} 		\item \url{https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-temps-des-medias-2007-1-page-193.html} 		\item \url{http://academiemetz.canalblog.com/archives/2009/03/05/12832849.html} 	\end{enumerate} 	\item Die Lothringer Zeitung (German-speaking); Metzer Tageblatt 	\begin{enumerate} 		\item 		\url{http://presselocaleancienne.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41092927g} 		\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=KTmiqVycnw8C\&pg=PA71\&lpg=PA71\&dq=\%22Lothringer+Zeitung\%22\&source=bl\&ots=oB019aCPrS\&sig=ACfU3U19SODC7gl5UtzJBAohmq22Oo4YdA\&hl=fr\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwi\_3o2Hl8XiAhVSKVAKHYC8CfsQ6AEwCHoECAgQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=\%22Lothringer\%20Zeitung\%22\&f=false} 	\end{enumerate} 			\item Metzer Freies Journal (Le Républicain lorrain) 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{https://data.bnf.fr/fr/32815591/metzer\_freies\_journal/} 			\item wiki 		\end{enumerate} 			
		\item La Moselle Républicaine 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{http://www.kiosque-lorrain.fr/exhibits/show/est-republicain_89-18/naissance-du-journal} 		\end{enumerate} 		\item Die Elsass-Lothringer Zeitung 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item 							\url{http://www.webcitation.org/5kmXUnBss?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fbfel%2Fgeschichte6.html} 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Journal d'Alsace et de Lorraine                                               			\begin{enumerate} 				\item 	\url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=2EuMDwAAQBAJ\&pg=PA526\&lpg=PA526\&dq=\%22Journal+d\%27Alsace+et+de+Lorraine\%22\&source=bl\&ots=U\_snLFE2A5\&sig=ACfU3U1j\_W-nIExHPFjotnBzvFA1jvLxBg\&hl=fr\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjKt9LewsDiAhVLThUIHeWcAh0Q6AEwDnoECAkQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=\%22Journal\%20d'Alsace\%20et\%20de\%20Lorraine\%22\&f=false} p. 402 			\end{enumerate} 	\end{enumerate} \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} 	\begin{enumerate} \tiny 		\setcounter{enumi}{31}		\item Die Zukunft                                                                                           			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=4G29K4eTqK4C\&pg=PA219\&lpg=PA219\&dq=die+volksstimme+alsace+lorraine\&source=bl\&ots=5qDc9OIDer\&sig=ACfU3U3laKULdeNS\_XeCNIUwP2ZpS\_ab8g\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjIgJLV\_oviAhU4xcQBHatlA9MQ6AEwAXoECAcQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=die\%20zukunft\&f=false} 				\item \url{http://www.webcitation.org/5kmXUnBss?url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.geocities.com\%2Fbfel\%2Fgeschichte6.html} 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Die Volksstimme 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=iGHiwxONZ8EC\&pg=PA177\&lpg=PA177\&dq=\%22Die+Volksstimme\%22+alsace\&source=bl\&ots=XFhUASWxIf\&sig=ACfU3U3tGkXyD0jTOMeHTriKc15ypgGlYw\&hl=fr\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwiog5Ktn8XiAhWIalAKHfxDBWAQ6AEwA3oECAgQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=\%22Die\%20Volksstimme\%22\%20\&f=false} 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Die Wahrheit 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item  \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=4G29K4eTqK4C\&pg=PA219\&lpg=PA219\&dq=die+volksstimme+alsace+lorraine\&source=bl\&ots=5qDc9OIDer\&sig=ACfU3U3laKULdeNS\_XeCNIUwP2ZpS\_ab8g\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjIgJLV\_oviAhU4xcQBHatlA9MQ6AEwAXoECAcQAQ\#v=snippet\&q=die\%20wahrheit\&f=false} p. 190 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Das Neue Elsass 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=Y-t3l5UJKCcC\&pg=PA97\&lpg=PA97\&dq=\%22Das+neue+Elsass\%22\&source=bl\&ots=rZ324aQcPs\&sig=ACfU3U0Bt1jSFu2iv15bNxDVHrxADf7qfw\&hl=fr\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjE6ov7oMXiAhWPJVAKHWgAC24Q6AEwC3oECAkQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=\%22Das\%20neue\%20Elsass\%22\&f=false} 			\end{enumerate} 			\item D'r Schliffstaan 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{https://data.bnf.fr/32865481/d\_r\_schliffstaan\_\_strasbourg\_/} 				\item \url{https://www.wintersonnenwende.com/scriptorium/deutsch/archiv/10jahreversailles/10jv314.html} 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Elsass-lothringische Einheitsfront 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/beitrag/diskusio/kosovo/kosovo2.htm} 				\item \url{http://www.webcitation.org/5kmXUnBss?url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.geocities.com\%2Fbfel\%2Fgeschichte6.html} 			\end{enumerate} 			\item Elsass-Lothringischer Heimatbund 			\begin{enumerate} 				\item \url{http://blogerslorrainsengages.unblog.fr/2014/03/31/histoire-de-lautonomisme-alsacien-lorrain-1918-1939/} 				\item \url{http://www.webcitation.org/5kmXUnBss?url=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fwww.geocities.com\%2Fbfel\%2Fgeschichte6.html} 			\end{enumerate} 	
		\item Liga zur Verteidigung Elsass-Lothringens \begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{https://www2.landesarchiv-bw.de/ofs21/olf/struktur.php?bestand=5543\&sprungId=2111106\&letztesLimit=suchen} 			\item \url{https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/detail.aspx?ID=152941} 			\item \url{https://biblio-archive.unog.ch/detail.aspx?ID=152940} 			\item  \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=6xFBDAAAQBAJ\&pg=PA813\&lpg=PA813\&dq=Liga+zur+Verteidigung+Elsass-Lothringens\&source=bl\&ots=WkP5EnNIKD\&sig=ACfU3U2RSy45jadmk7JVmSebDdWkwS6FGA\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjq0obupIziAhVEz6YKHfJwBwIQ6AEwBnoECAcQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=Liga\%20zur\%20Verteidigung\%20Elsass-Lothringens\&f=false} p. 624 			\item  \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=xd5KCgAAQBAJ\&pg=PA385\&lpg=PA385\&dq=Liga+zur+Verteidigung+Elsass-Lothringens\&source=bl\&ots=RuZadmWCrT\&sig=ACfU3U2Y7Ex5t5j-1N-Ndrr0s1HiQIY-3w\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjq0obupIziAhVEz6YKHfJwBwIQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ\#v=onepage\&q=Liga\%20zur\%20Verteidigung\%20Elsass-Lothringens\&f=false} p. 385 		\end{enumerate}  \end{enumerate} \end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} 	\begin{enumerate} \tiny 		\setcounter{enumi}{39}			\item Bauernbund 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item \url{http://www.cyberato.org/sites/default/files/cyberato/lerch-dominique/publications/e-eratosthene/lerch\_bilger\_cyberato.pdf} 			\item \url{http://www.alsace-histoire.org/fr/notices-netdba/bilger-joseph-theodore.html} 		\end{enumerate}   	
	 \item L'Est républicain \begin{enumerate} 	\item 	\url{http://www.kiosque-lorrain.fr/exhibits/show/est-republicain_89-18/naissance-du-journal} \end{enumerate}  \item L'Humanité                                                                            \begin{enumerate} 	\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=scvcL3fgSIcC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=La+Lorraine+ouvri%C3%A8re+et+paysanne&source=bl&ots=jIkxggKw_B&sig=ACfU3U36fqrvl0h_j6jnTBUuwjUUKQX5Qw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisw8jxxqLiAhWJL1AKHc9YCJcQ6AEwEHoECAgQAQ#v=snippet&q=humanit%C3%A9&f=false} 	\end{enumerate}  	\item Le Progrès de la Meuse 	\begin{enumerate} 		\item 	\url{http://presselocaleancienne.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb328202120} 	\end{enumerate}  	\item Courrier de Meurthe-et-Moselle 	\begin{enumerate} 		\item	\url{https://data.bnf.fr/fr/32750677/courrier_de_meurthe-et-moselle/} 	\end{enumerate} 	\item	La Chronique des Vosges 	\begin{enumerate} 		\item \url{https://data.bnf.fr/fr/32741724/la_chronique_des_vosges/} 	\end{enumerate}              	\item l’Union patriotique de l’Est Zentrum 	\begin{enumerate} 		\item Departmental Archive 		\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=wnOKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=l%27Union+patriotique+de+l%27Est+Meurthe&source=bl&ots=bMraaBGGQ1&sig=ACfU3U3vr6KdRUc1nH-60VA6SaBIRUJHnQ&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii9vSZqsDiAhUC2aYKHUqTBgE4ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=l'Union%20patriotique%20de%20l'Est%20Meurthe&f=false} 		\end{enumerate} 		\item l’Union républicaine de l’Est Fortschrittspartei                                                                 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Departmental Archive 		\end{enumerate} 		\item Cercle d’études des Marches de l’Est (PCF)                                                                         		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Departmental Archive 			\item \url{http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/8569/Dissertation_Padiou_Nicolas_1_End.pdf} 		\end{enumerate}          		\item le Cercle militaire clandestin de Nancy                                                                                                 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Departmental Archive 		\end{enumerate} 		\item le Groupe lorrain de la représentation proportionnelle 		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Departmental Archive 		\end{enumerate} 		\item le Groupe d'études sociales de Nancy  		\begin{enumerate} 			\item Departmental Archive 			\item \url{https://books.google.ch/books?id=k6jJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=le+Groupe+d%27%C3%A9tudes+sociales+de+Nancy&source=bl&ots=l6tDQXSwOS&sig=ACfU3U3_z-e5EmqW0DVGNM3qnTguStZE5g&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjjJzWiMHiAhUkyIUKHe17B68Q6AEwB3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Mariatte&f=false} 			\end{enumerate}   	\end{enumerate} \end{minipage} 

\subsection{Quantitative Evidence about Regional Parties Today}

Regionalist parties are overall not as important in France with regard
to their electoral success as in other European states, in particular
due to the majoritarian election system that favors larger parties.
However, there are regionalist parties in selected regions (e.g. also
in other regions that experienced pensions with the central state,
like Corsica), and they matter more in regional elections. 

In the Alsace and Lorraine region, several regional parties exist
still today. Still, their importance and influence was much higher
during the treatment area. The vote share of regionalist parties during
both the German and French treatment period was extremely high, sometimes
more than 50\% of the votes. However, most regional parties and newspapers
were declared illegal, or lost ideological and financial support due
to alleged or actual relations with Nazi Germany, after the treatment
period. Hence, it is difficult to trace back the origins of current
organizations to their historical predecessors and identify such organizations
afterwards. The 2015 regional elections were the only regional election
where all moderate regionalist parties in the untreated and treated
area in Alsace and Lorraine ran on a joint list. This allows us to
compare the relative success of regionalist parties in the treated
compared to the control area today, and explore whether there seems
to be a differential impact of both parties still today. This would
be evidence in favor of their role in transmitting historical memories.

\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Regionalist Parties in Regional Elections 2015}
\label{fig:linguistic_border-1}

\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Graphs/coefplot_treatborderlimited_regionalist}}\hfill{}\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.28]{Graphs/Reg_ID_AL_regionalVote}}

\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} The coefficient plot displays the main and alternative RD treatment coefficients, with standard errors clustered on the cantonal level. The bandwidths from Table \ref{tab:RDD_linguistic} (Euroscepticism) was chosen. The outcome is the vote share of the list of regionalist parties in the 2015 regional election. The list represented the parties: Unser Land, l'Alliance écologiste indépendante, the Parti Lorrain and the Parti des Mosellans. Optimal bandwidth is selected following mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Included controls are distances to Germany (border), Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy, Mulhouse. } 
\end{minipage}
\FloatBarrier
\newpage
\end{figure}
\pagebreak{}

\section{Robustness \label{sec:B_robustness} }

\setcounter{figure}{0}  
\setcounter{table}{0}\begin{table}[ht]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \scriptsize
\caption{RD Smoothness Test: Pre-Treatment Variables} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *5{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Barley}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Wheat}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Potato}}& \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Onion}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Sunflower}} \vspace{1mm} \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_10_geo1.tex"} \\ \vspace{-5mm} \\
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Elevation}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Std. Dev. Elev.}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Ruggedness}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Pop. Density}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Population}} \vspace{1mm} \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_10_geo2.tex"} \\ \vspace{-5mm} \\
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{River Length}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Road Length}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Grazing Land}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Cropland}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} \vspace{1mm} \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_10_geo3.tex"} \\ \vspace{-5mm} \\
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Railway Station}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Railway Quality}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{} \vspace{1mm} \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_10_geo4.tex"}
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Tests for discontinuities in pre-treatment variables for the whole border. \textit{Ruggedness} is the mean index of the variation in elevation, while \textit{Elevation} is the mean elevation. \textit{Std. Dev. Elev.} is the standard deviation of \textit{Elevation}. \textit{Potato}, \textit{Wheat}, \textit{Maize}, \textit{Sunflower} and \textit{Barley} refer to the soil suitability for potato, wheat, maize, sunflower and barley production, respectively. \textit{Population} is the municipality's population 1866. \textit{Pop. Density} is \textit{Population} divided by its area (in square km). \textit{River Length} is the total length of all rivers in a municipality. \textit{Road Length} is the total length of all historical roads in a municipality. \textit{Grazing Land} is the size of the area in a municipality that is used for grazing. \textit{Cropland} is the size of the area in a municipality that is used for crop production. \textit{Railway Station} is a dummy variable whether a municipality has a railway station. \textit{Railway Quality} is a 4-stage variable measuring the quality of the railway infrastructure.  Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy and distance to Mulhouse and segment-fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered on the cantonal level. The bandwidth is optimally selected in regards to the Mean Square Error (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Only if the bandwidth falls below 10km, we set 10km as the bandwidth. Standard errors are in brackets and p-values are positioned below them.} 
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:ID_Table_pretreat}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Smoothness Test: 1860 Economonic Indicators (Level of Arrondisment)} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mean (Treatment)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Mean (Control)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{T-test}}   \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_ttest_industry.tex"} \midrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Sources:} This table shows the t-test for four variables measuring economic conditions on the arrondisment-level in the region of Lorraine. The data set comprises of seven arrondisments in the control and five arrondisments in the treatment group. \textit{Share Children} measures the share of children in the workforce. \textit{Income PC} is the average income of a worker in the arrondisment. \textit{Worker Productivity} measures the average production output per worker. \textit{Firm Productivity} shows the average production output per firm. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:industry}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{table}[ht]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\caption{Smoothness: Post-Treatment Variables} 
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}l *4{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Educ. 99}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Age 06}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Occup. 06}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Income 08}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_socio1.tex"} \\ \vspace{-8mm} \\
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Health Care}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{High School}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Voc. School}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Post Office}}\vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_socio2.tex"} \\ \vspace{-8mm} \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Population Change}}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{1866-1946}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{1916-1946}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{1926-1946}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{1936-1946}}\vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_hist_change_pop.tex"} 
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} This table shows tests for discontinuities in covariates using all départements in Alsace and Lorraine. \textit{Age 06} is the average (self-reported) age in 2006 and \textit{Income 08} is the median income in 2008. \textit{Educ. 99} refers to the share of people above 15 with a high school degree in 1999 and \textit{Occup. 06} is the share of blue-collar workers in the total population in 2006. \textit{High School}, \textit{Voc. School}, \textit{Post Office},  and \textit{Health Care} measure the relative number of high schools with general and/or technological education, secondary schools with vocational training, post offices and health care establishments for medium-term stays per 1,000 inhabitants in 2013. \textit{Population Change} measures the change in municipal population over four periods with different start years (1866, 1916, 1926, 1936) and one end year (1946). Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, distance to Mulhouse and five segment-fixed effects (one of those as reference category). The bandwidth is optimally selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:ID_Table_posttreat}
\end{table} 
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Specification - Turnout Referendum 1992 \& 2005 } 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *4{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Turnout 1992}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Turnout 2005}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_turnout_final.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_turnout_final_ymean.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. The outcome is the turnout in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, distance to Mulhouse and segment-fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}.} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_turnout}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \footnotesize
\caption{OLS Results - EU Support and Euroscepticism (1992 - 2005) } 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{EU Support (Share Yes-Votes  1992 and 2005)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{1992}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{2005}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{1992 \& 2005}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_OLS.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_OLS_ymean.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptism Index}}  \\  \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_OLS.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_eurosceptic_final_OLS_ymean.tex"} 
\end{tabularx} \vspace{5mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Comparison of treated and untreated municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. In panel A, the outcome is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. In panel B,  the outcome in Columns 1 and 2  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a higher negativity than positivity score in regards to the European Union in their published manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in Column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In Column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, and distance to Mulhouse. Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them.}	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:OLS_main}
\end{table} 
\end{center}\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Specification - No Controls } 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{EU Support (1992 and 2005)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 1992}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 2005}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 92 \& 05}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_nocontrols.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_ymean_nocontrols.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism Index}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_nocontrols.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_eurosceptic_final_ymean_nocontrols.tex"} 
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. In panel A, the outcome is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. In panel B,  the outcome in Columns 1 and 2  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. A eurosceptic party is defined by having a higher negativity than positivity score in regards to the European Union in their published manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in Column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In Column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_main_nocontrols}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Specification - No Clusters } 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{EU Support (1992 and 2005)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 1992}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 2005}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 92 \& 05}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_nocluster.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_ymean_nocluster.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism Index}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_nocluster.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_eurosceptic_final_ymean_nocluster.tex"} 
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. In panel A, the outcome is the share of people voting  `Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. In panel B,  the outcome in Columns 1 and 2  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a higher negativity than positivity score in regards to the European Union in their published manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in Column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In Column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, distance to Mulhouse and segment-fixed effects. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_main_nocluster}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Specification - Controlling for Latitude and Longitude} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{EU Support (1992 and 2005)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 1992}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 2005}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 92 \& 05}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_coordinates.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_ymean_coordinates.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism Index}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_coordinates.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_eurosceptic_final_ymean_coordinates.tex"} 
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. In panel A, the outcomes is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. In panel B,  the outcome in Columns 1 and 2  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a higher negativity than positivity score in regards to the European Union in their published manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in Column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In Column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. Included controls: the coordinates on the x- and y-axis and segment-fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_main_coordinates}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Specification - Baseline Plus Pre-Treatment Controls } 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{EU Support (1992 and 2005)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 1992}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 2005}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Yes Share 92 \& 05}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_pretreatment.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_ymean_pretreatment.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism Index}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_pretreatment.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_eurosceptic_final_ymean_pretreatment.tex"} 
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. In panel A, the outcome is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. In panel B,  the outcome in Columns 1 and 2  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a higher negativity than positivity score in regards to the European Union in their published manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in Column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In Column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, distance to Mulhouse and segment-fixed effects, as well as all variables used in the pre-treatment balance test. Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_main_pretreatment}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier

\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Specification - Robustness to Linguistic Border } 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *4{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{EU Support}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Baseline}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Modified}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Baseline}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Modified}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_language_final.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_language_final_ymean.tex"} 
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the baseline and modified treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. The outcome ``EU Support" is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. The outcome ``Euroscepticism" the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. For each outcome, the regression is run once with the complete border (left) and once with a shorter border, having removed the sections overlapping with the language border and those border sections with no counterfactuals on the other side. The optimal bandwidth is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy and  distance to Mulhouse. These are the full regression results corresponding to Figure 6.}
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_linguistic}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier

\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Robustness: Modified Border - Francophone Municipalities Only and
Controlling for Distance to Language Border}
\label{fig:app_coefplot_francophone_Yes_eurosceptic}

\centering

\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{Graphs/coefplot_francophone_Yes_eurosceptic}}

\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} The coefficient plot displays the coefficients based on modified border excluding overlaps with linguistic border, with standard errors clustered on the cantonal level. This is an even stricter version of the initial robustness test, which still included some formerly German-speaking municipalities (not at the border, but within the bandwidth). In the first specification, only Francophone municipalities are included. In the second specification, I also control for distance to the language border. EU support is the average of the share of people voting  ``Yes" in Maastricht referendum 1992 and in European Constitution referendum in 2005. Euroscepticism is the weighted eurosceptic party share in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. Baseline is the complete border, modified only the part not overlapping with language border (see figure on the right). Optimal bandwidth is selected following mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Included controls are distances to Germany (border), Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy, Mulhouse. Bandwidths are chosen from \autoref{tab:RDD_linguistic}. Source linguistic border: \cite{harp1998}.} 
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Robustness - Modified Border Excluding Overlaps with Linguistic Border,
All Outcomes Displayed}
\label{fig:linguistic_border-2}

\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Graphs/coefplot_treatborderlimited_split}}\hfill{}\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.28]{Graphs/EU_ID_AL_modified_treatment}}

\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} In panel A, The outcomes are the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. In panel B,  the outcomes in Columns 1  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a net negative EU related score in their manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. 
Baseline is the complete border, modified only the part not overlapping with language border (see figure on the right). Optimal bandwidth is selected following mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Included controls are distances to Germany (border), Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy, Mulhouse. Corresponding regression results in \autoref{tab:RDD_linguistic}. Source linguistic border: Harp (1998).} 
\end{minipage}
\FloatBarrier
\end{figure}
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}[H]
\caption{Robustness Check - Bandwidth Choice}
\label{Fig:bandwidth_choice}

\begin{center}%
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\centering Yes Share 1992 & \centering Yes Share 2005 & \centering Yes Share 1992 and 2005\tabularnewline
\includegraphics[scale=0.07]{Graphs/coefplot_Yes92_BW_robust} & \includegraphics[scale=0.07]{Graphs/coefplot_Yes05_BW_robust} & \includegraphics[scale=0.07]{Graphs/coefplot_Yes9205_BW_robust}\tabularnewline
\centering Eurosceptic Parties & \centering w/o Front National & \centering Euroscepticism Index\tabularnewline
\includegraphics[scale=0.07]{Graphs/coefplot_Euroscept1_BW_robust} & \includegraphics[scale=0.07]{Graphs/coefplot_Euroscept2_BW_robust} & \includegraphics[scale=0.07]{Graphs/coefplot_Euroscept3_BW_robust}\tabularnewline
\end{tabular}

\begin{minipage}{\paperwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using all Municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. The treatment effect for the main variables capturing EU support and Euroscepticism using a range of bandwidths smaller and larger than the MSE-optimal bandwidth (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy and distance to Mulhouse and segment-fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level.} 	
\end{minipage}\end{center}
\end{figure}

\end{landscape}

\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Results EU Support (1992 - 2005) - Full Results Table }\label{tab:app_eu_support_rdd_full_results}
\resizebox{0.7\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
  &\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{EU Support (Share Yes-Votes  1992 and 2005)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{1992}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{2005}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{1992 \& 2005}} \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_full.tex"} \midrule
\end{tabularx}} \vspace{5mm} 
\begin{minipage}{0.95\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. The outcome is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, distance to Mulhouse and 5 segment-fixed effects (one of those as reference category). Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).}	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_main_full1}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD Results Euroscepticism (1992 - 2005) - Full Results Table }\label{tab:app_euroscepticism_rdd_full_results}
\resizebox{0.7\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{6}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004)}} \vspace{1mm}  \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptism Index}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(5)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(6)}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_full.tex"} \midrule
\end{tabularx}} \vspace{5mm} 
\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. The outcomes in Columns 1  is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a higher negativity than positivity score in regards to the European Union in their published manifestos between 1992 and 2003. The outcome in Column 3 and 4 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In Column 5 and 6 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score. Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy, distance to Mulhouse and 5 segment-fixed effects (one of those as reference category). Standard errors are clustered at the cantonal level. Standard errors are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, in left column the regression is run using a narrow bandwidth of 10km, while the optimal bandwidth in the right column is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).}	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_main_full}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{landscape}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \footnotesize
\caption{RD Specification - Placebo Borders } 
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}l *6{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Placebo Border (a)}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Placebo Border (b)}} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textbf{Placebo Border (c)}} \vspace{1mm} \\
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{EU Support}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{EU Support}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{EU Support}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Euroscepticism}} \vspace{1mm} \\\midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_placebo_final.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_placebo_final_ymean.tex"}
\end{tabularx} \vspace{2mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Map (a) in Figure 8 shows the départements at the French border (black) and their adjacent départements (grey). This exludes the départements that constitute Alsace and Lorraine and the second-row département Haute Marne. Haute Marne has no counterfactual on the first-row side due to this exclusion of the Alsace and Lorraine regions. The border separating first and second row départements is used as a placebo border (bold orange line). Map (b) in Figure 8 displays the border between the former départements Meurthe and Moselle before 1871 (bold orange line). Map (c) in Figure 8 shows the border between the départements composing the control area in the main regression and their adjacent départements inland (bold orange line). This table displays the local treatment effect at these borders for the two main outcomes \textit{EU Support} is the share of people voting  ``Yes" in the referendum on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 and the French European Constitution Referendum in 2005. \textit{Euroscepticism} is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. The optimal bandwidth is selected with regards to the mean square error criterion (\cite{calonico2017rdrobust}). Included controls: distance to Germany (border), distance to Metz, distance to Strasbourg, distance to Nancy and  distance to Mulhouse.} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_placebo}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier
\end{landscape}
\newpage

\subsubsection*{Sources and alternative specifications: Euroscepticism}

\begin{center}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{Manifesto Dataset Scores for Each Party and List in Alsace and Lorraine}\label{tab:app_manifesto_score_parties_list}
\resizebox{0.8\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
Party                     & Year & EU Related Score & Rated as Eurosceptic \\\hline
Front National            & 1994 & 0.005             & No          \\ PCF                       & 1994 & -0.681            & Yes         \\ UDF-RPR                   & 1994 & 0.000                & No     \\ Europe Solidaire          & 1994 & 3.200              & No          \\ Union Des Ecolog.         & 1994 & 0.000                & No     \\ Bouge l'Europe           & 1999 & -4.286           & Yes          \\ Avec l'Europe             & 1999 & 4.918            & No         \\ Front National            & 1999 & -1.333           & Yes          \\ l'Union Pour l'Europe     & 1999 & 4.918            & No          \\ Construisons Notre Europe & 1999 & 11.888           & No         \\ l'Ecologie, Les Verts     & 1999 & 14.583           & No          \\ LPS                       & 2004 & 2.299            & No          \\ LUMP                      & 2004 & 1.878            & No          \\ LFN                       & 2004 & -1.603           & Yes          \\ LPC                       & 2004 & 7.500              & No          \\ LUDF                      & 2004 & 9.510             & No          \\ LVE                       & 2004 & 1.128            & No \\    
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
\vspace{5mm} 
\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Table presents the EU related score for parties, which participated in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. A party is classified as Eurosceptic if it had a net negative EU related score.}	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:manifesto}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier
\vspace{-1.5cm}\begin{center}
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{RD results - Euroscepticism (1994, 1999 and 2004) based on Ray-Marks-Steenbergen Party Dataset} 
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{lccc}
\textbf{Dependent Variable}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptic Parties}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{w/o Front National}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Eurosceptism Index}}  \\ 
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}}  &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}}  \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_eurosceptic_final_steenbergen.tex"} 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_main_eurosceptic_final_ymean_control_steenbergen.tex"} 
\end{tabular}
}
\vspace{5mm} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Discontinuity at the treatment border using municipalities in Alsace and Lorraine. The outcomes in Column 1 is the share of people voting  for eurosceptic parties in European parliamentary elections between 1994 and 2004. An eurosceptic party is defined according to the Ray-Marks-Steenbergen Party Dataset. The outcome in column 2 is adapted to exclude the vote share for the party Front National. In column 3 an index capturing Euroscepticism is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties.  Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score based on Ray-Marks-Steenbergen Party Dataset. Included controls are the distances to Germany (border), Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy, Mulhouse and 5 segment-fixed effects. Standard errors, clustered on the cantonal level, are displayed in brackets and p-values are right below them. For each outcome, I use the efficient bandwidth (mean square error criterion, \cite{calonico2017rdrobust}).}	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:RDD_euro_steenbergen}
\end{table} 
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering\caption{Eurosceptic Vote Share (1979-1989)}
\label{fig:app_Eurosceptic_Vote_Share_1979_1989}
\begin{centering}
\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{Graphs/bar_Eurosceptic_Voteshare_1979_1989}}
\par\end{centering}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Election results were pulled from maps that can be found here: \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/resultats-elections-europeennes-1989.htm}. The vote share was recorded as the lowest number in the range category. The EU related scores were pulled from the manifesto data from the closest available year for all available parties. An eurosceptic party is defined by having a net negative EU related score in their manifestos.} 
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
\par\end{center}

\begin{center}
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering\caption{Euroscepticism Index (1979-1989)}
\label{fig:app_Eurosceptic_Index_1979_1989}
\begin{centering}
\centering\subfloat{\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{Graphs/bar_Eurosceptic_Voteshare_1979_1989}}
\par\end{centering}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Election results were pulled from maps that can be found here: \url{https://www.france-politique.fr/resultats-elections-europeennes-1989.htm}. The vote share was recorded as the lowest number in the range category. The EU related scores were pulled from the manifesto data from the closest available year for all available parties. Euroscepticism index is used, which is a weighted vote share of eurosceptic parties. Weighting occurs by multiplying the vote share with the euro-negativity score.} 
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{Nested Identities - EU, National and Regional Level (all of France; extensive Table)} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}}   \\ \midrule \vspace{-4mm} \\
\textbf{Panel A}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Strength of Identities}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_opinions1_1_all.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Relationship between Nested Identities}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ 
\textbf{Variable of Interest}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} \\ \midrule   
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity6_2_all.tex"} 
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Sources:} Individual-level survey data. Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP). \textit{``X" Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to X?" The higher the value the more attached the respondent is to X. X refers to Europe, the nation (France in this case) and the region, asked in separate questions. Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Standard errors in brackets and p-values right below. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:app_OLS_opinions2a}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{Nested Identities - EU, National, and Regional Level (Alsace \& Lorraine; Extensive Table)} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}}   \\ \midrule \vspace{-4mm} \\
\textbf{Panel A} &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Strength of Identities}} \vspace{1mm} \\  \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_opinions1_1.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B} &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Relationship between Nested Identities}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule 
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \\ 
\textbf{Variable of Interest}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{French Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Regional Identity}} \\ \midrule  
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_complementarity6_2_app.tex"} 
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Sources:} Individual-level survey data. Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP). \textit{``X" Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to X?" The higher the value the more attached the respondent is to X. X refers to Europe, the nation (France in this case) and the region, asked in separate questions. Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Standard errors in brackets and p-values right below. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero. } 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:app2_OLS_opinions2}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \footnotesize
\caption{EU as Preferred Level of Decision-Making - Age Groups}  \label{tab:app_OLS_decision_making_age}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *3{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}}   \\ \midrule \vspace{-4mm} \\
\textbf{Panel B}  &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\textbf{Preferred Level of Decision-Making}} \vspace{1mm} \\ \midrule
\textbf{Dependent Variable}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{18-35 years}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{36-55 years}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{56 years old and more}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_dev_plan1_age_groups.tex"} \\ \vspace{-7mm} \\
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Sources:} Individual-level survey data from the Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP). Main question: ``In your opinion, should the development of your region occur according to a plan decided by the region, the state or the European Union?," only available in 1991. The dependent variable is a dummy variable indicating the choice of the EU. Regressions control for age, employment status, education and sex. Column 1 shows the results for respondents aged 18-35 years, column 2 shows the results for respondents aged 55 years, and column 3 shows the results for respondents aged 56 years or more. Standard errors in brackets and p-values right below. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero.} 
\end{minipage} 
\end{table}
\end{center}
\vspace{-1cm}\begin{center}
\begin{table}[ht!]
\centering \def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} \small
\caption{ Survey evidence - Interactions Treatment with Demography} 
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}l *4{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}@{}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(1)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(2)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(3)}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{(4)}}   \\ \midrule \vspace{-4mm} \\
\textbf{Dependent Variable} &\multicolumn{4}{c}{\textbf{European Identity}} \vspace{1mm} \\  \midrule 
\textbf{Variable of Interest}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Age}} &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Experience}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Sex}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textbf{Education}} \\ \midrule 
\input{"Tables/ID_Table_demo_interactions2.tex"}  
\end{tabularx}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} Individual-level survey data. Observatoire Interregional du Politique (OIP) in 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2001. \textit{European Identity}: ``Could you tell me whether you feel very attached, rather attached, not very attached or not attached at all to Europe?" The higher the value the more attached the respondent is to Europe. \textit{Age} measures your age in years. \textit{Experience} is a binary variable indicating whether the respondent was at least 10 years old in 1945. \textit{Sex} captures the respondent's sex (0 = male; 1 = female). \textit{Education} measures whether someone finished an education higher than high school. Controls included: age, experience, education, sex and employment status. Standard errors in brackets and p-values right below. All outcome variables are standardized with mean zero.} 	
\end{minipage} 
\label{tab:surveydemography}
\end{table}
\end{center}
\FloatBarrier
\newpage
\par\end{center}

\paragraph*{\clearpage Religiosity and EU Support (1992 and 2005 Referenda):}

One distinct feature in which the local laws in the treated area differ
from the rest of France is with regard to religion. Historically,
the church played a larger role in the average citizens life in the
treated area until after WWI, and still does to some degree until
today. In contrast to the rest of France, pupils in the area are still
subjected to compulsory religious classes at school (usually two hours
per week). This is not uncommon in other European countries, for instance,
many of the southern German states feature a similar policy. Usually
these classes are not dogmatic, but transmit information about religions
in general, of course still with an emphasis on Christianity. If religion
or religious denomination is related to a more favorable attitude
towards the EU, part of the effect we measure and attribute to differences
in exposure to intrusive policies might be driven by differences in
religious identity.

However, the available literature indicates no direct relationship
between religious attachments and European integration and ``even
indirect effects of religion on Euroscepticism are small or appear
to cancel each other out''(\citeauthor{ boomgaarden2009religion},
2009, p.1). To the opposite, albeit minimally, it is argued that ``actors
such as religious parties and the churches have strayed from the integrationist
path and contributed to Euroscepticism'' (\citealp{minkenberg2009religion},
p.1190).

To make sure this is really no concern, we examine the purported relationship
in a more systematic way as well. In the specific French context,
there are no municipal level measures on religious affiliation and
the share of people who consider themselves secular, due to the specific
secular constitution and approach in France. Nonetheless, we can use
outcomes aggregated at the département level for all of France to
assess the relationship between religion and voting in the EU referendum.
Table \ref{OA:relig_yes} shows results for two variables that measure
the intensity of religiousness and religious denomination. \textit{Attendance}
measures how often subjects attend religious services, both as a continuous
variable and coded as a set of dummies with \textit{never attending}
as the reference category. Denomination relates to the share of people
who perceive themselves as \textit{Roman Catholic}, \textit{Protestant}, \textit{Christian Orthodox}, \textit{Jewish}, \textit{Muslim} or \textit{other faiths}, with \textit{no religious affiliation}
as the reference category.

The results show no difference for \textit{Attendance} in both 1992
and 2005. With \textit{Attendance} coded as individual dummies, there
is also no stable relationship. Only very enthusiastic churchgoers
have a marginally significant positive correlation compared to those
who never attend in 2005, but not in 1992. The pattern is similar
for denomination. The only positive correlation which is significant
at the 10 percent level is with \textit{Protestant} in 1992, but
it also disappears in 2005. Overall, this supports the existing literature
that religion does not play a major role for attitudes towards the
EU. Thus, the concern that religious differences would contaminate
the results appears unfounded.


\begin{table}[H]\small 
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable} 
\caption{Share of Yes Votes and Religion, all of France.} \label{OA:relig_yes} \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1} 
\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{lcccccc} \toprule  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Share Yes 1992} &  \multicolumn{3}{c}{Share Yes 2005}  \\  & (1) & (2) & (3) & (4) & (5) & (6)  \\  \midrule 
\input{Tables/relig_yes.tex} 
\bottomrule 
\end{tabularx} 
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}  \footnotesize{\textbf{Notes:} This table tests whether there is a clear relationship between religious affiliation and voting in the two referenda 1992 and 2005. The OLS estimates use aggregate survey results at the d\'epartement-level. \textit{Attendance} refers to how often the respondents attend religious services. \textit{Never attending} is the omitted reference category for attendance, \textit{no religious denomination} is the omitted reference category for religion. Controls: Sex, Age, Years of schooling, Urban vs Rural, Union membership, Degree, Income, and Household size. $p$-values in brackets. There is no systematic effect of religion, which is reassuring as the areas in former Alsace-Lorraine has a slightly different history with regard to schooling. Accordingly, these differences and schooling should not explain our results.}  \textit{Short Interpretation}: Religious beliefs and denomination could affect voting in the referenda. We show for all of France that such a relationship never shows up significantly at any level, both for intensity of belief measured by church attendance, as well as when using denomination as the variable of interest. We conclude that there are some differences with regard to the treatment of religion between the départements, but none that closely influences or could explain our result. 
\end{minipage} 
\end{threeparttable} 
\end{table}

\newpage\let\oldbibliography\thebibliography 
\renewcommand{\thebibliography}[1]{%
	\oldbibliography{#1}%   
	\setlength{\itemsep}{1.4pt}% 
}
\bibliographystyle{APSR} 

%\bibliographystyle{chicago}
\bibliography{EU_Identity}


%\setcounter{section}{0}
%\setcounter{page}{1}
%\setcounter{figure}{0}  
%\setcounter{table}{0}  



\FloatBarrier
\vspace{-1.5cm}
\end{document}
